THE ARMENIAN AMIRAS OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

Հեղինակ

Բաժին

Թեմա

Bibliography

Archival Material

American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

Archives, Mekhitarist Congregation, St. Lazzaro, Venice.

Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Paris.

Manuscript

Pakraduni, Arsen. Azgabanutiun ev Patmutiun Nshanavor Antsits Aznuazarm Tann Diuzeants [Genealogy and History of Major Events of the Noble Diuzian Dynasty]. 1856, MS. Mekhitarist Congregation, St. Lazzaro, Venice.

Sources in Armenian

Adjarian, Hratcheay. Hayeren Armatakan Bararan [Armenian Etymological Dictionary), 6 vols. (Erevan, 1926-1933).

------------. “Hayots Dere Osmanean Kaysrutean metj. [“The Role of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire”] Banber Erevani Hamalsarani (Erevan), 1967, pp. 157-163.

------------. Hayots Andsnanunneri Bararan [Dictionary of Armenian Proper Names] (Erevan, 1944).

Aghaian, Dz. P.; Arakelian, B. N.; Galoian, G. A.; Eremian, S. D.; Khatchigian, L. S.; Hagopian, A. M.; Hovhannisian, A. G.; and Nersisian, M. G., gen. ed. Hay Jeghovrti Patmutiun [History of the Armenian People]. 10 vols. Erevan, 1967-1974. Vol. 5: Hayastane 1801-1870 Tvakannerin [Armenia in the Years 1801-1870].

Aghaian Edvard B. Ardi Hayereni Batsatrakan Bararan [Definitional Dictionary of Modern Armenian], 2 vols. (Erevan, 1976).

Akinian, Nerses. Eremia Tchelepi Keomiurdjian, Keankn u Grakan Gordzuneutiune [Eremia Celebi Keomiurdjian, His Life and Literary Activities]. Vienna, 1933.

Alboyadjian, Arshag. “Azgayin Sahmanadrutiune, [“The National Constitution”] Endardsak Oratsoyts S[urb] Prktchean Hivandanotsi Hayots [Great Calendar of the St. Savior Hospital of Armenians]. Constantinople, 1910, pp. 76-528.

------------. Patmutiun Hay Gaghtakanutean [History of the Armenian Migration], 3 vols. (Cairo, 1941-1961)

Anasian, Hagop. XVII Dari Azatagrakan Sharjumnern Arevmtean Hayastanum [Seventeenth Century Liberation Movements in Western Armenia]. Erevan, 1961.

Arshalooys Araratean, 1892, no. 413.

Asadur, Hrant. “K[ostandnu] Polsoy Hayere ev Irents Patriarknere. [“The Armenians of Constantinople and their Patriarchs] Endardsak Oratsoyts S[urb] Prktchean Hivandanotsi Hayots [Great Calendar of the St. Savior Hospital of Armenians]. Constantinople, 1901, pp. 77-258; reprint ed., Watertown, Mass., 1973.

Asadur, Melkon. Erekdarean Patmutiun Balatu Surb Hreshtakapet Ekeghetsvoy [The Three Hundred Year History of the St. Archangel Church of Balat]. Constantinople, 1931.

Ayvazovski, Gabriel. Patmutiun Osmanean Petutean [History of the Ottoman State]. 2 vols. Venice, 1841.

Azadian, Toros. Hariurameay Hobelean Bezdjian Mayr Varjarani, Kum Kapu, 1830-1930 [Centenary of the Bezdjian School, Kum Kapu, 1830-1930]. Constantinople, 1930.

------------. Akn ev Akntsik [Akn and Akners]. Istanbul, 1943.

------------. “Dadian Gerdastani Dzagume ev ir Akanavor Demkere. [“The Origins of the Dadian Dynasty and Its Prominent Figures. ”]. Asdghaberd 8-9 (Istanbul, 1951): 153-164.

------------. Akn. Istanbul, 1956.

Basmadjian, G. “Dadian Gerdastani Djiughagrutiune, [“The Genealogy of the Dadian Dynasty. ”] Banaser (Paris), 1907, No. 4, pp. 120-125.

Berberian, Avedis. Patmutiun Hayots [History of the Armenian People]. Constantinople, 1870.

Berberian, Haig. “JE Daru Hay Medzatun me, Andon Tchelepi Karavaritch (?) Brusayi. [“An Armenian Magnate of Seventeenth Century, Adnon Celebi Governor (?) of Bursa”] Abagay (Paris), 16 and 19 June 1934.

------------. Niuter K[ostandnu] Polsoy Hayots Patmutean Hamar [Materials for the History of the Armenians of Constantinople]. Vienna, 1965.

Boghosian, Eprem. Dadian Gerdastane [The Dadian Dynasty]. Vienna, 1968.

Dadian, Mgrditch. Hayere Otoman Kaysrutean Metj [The Armenians in the Ottoman Empire]. Tiflis, 1878.

Daranaghtsi, Krikor. Jamanakagrutiun [Chronicle]. Jerusalem, 1915.

Davrijetsi, Arakel. Patmutiun [History]. Vagharshapat, 1896.

Der Bedrosian, Hovhannes. “Hayeru Sadare Turk Mshakoytin ev Tntesutean, [“The Contribution of Armenians to Turkish Culture and Economy”]. Arev (Cairo).

Diloyan, Valter A. Lazarianneri Hasarakakan-Kaghakakan Gordzuneutyan Patmutyunits [History of the Social-Political Activities of the Lazarians]. Erevan, 1966.

Divan Hayots Patmutean [Archives of Armenian History]. vol. 10 (Tiflis, 1912).

Ekserdjian, Hmayag. Hishatakaran Hngeak Hobeleani Surb Khatch Ekeghetsvoy Iuskiutaru 1676-1926 [Memoir on the Two Hundred Fiftieth Anniversary of the Church of Holy Cross of Uskudar 1676-1926]. Constantinople, 1927.

Eremian, Simon. “Eremia Tchelepi” Bazmaveb (1903): 367- 373.

Endardsak Oratsoyts S[urb] Prktchean Hivandanotsi Hayots [Great Calendar of the St. Savior Hospital of Armenians]. Constantinople, 1901, 1910.

Garabedian, Bedros. Hishatakaran Hariurameay Hobeleani Boghosian-Varvarian Erkser Varjarani [Memoir on the Centenary of the Mixed School Boghosian-Varvarian]. Constantinople, 1933.

----------. Hngdarean Hishatakaran Samatioy S. Kevork Ekeghetsvoy [Memoir on the Five Hundredth Anniversary of the Church St. Kevork of Samatia]. Constantinople, 1935.

Ghazarian, Haig. Arevmtahayeri Sotsial-Tntesakan ev Kaghakakan Katsutiune 1800-1870 [The Social-Economic and Political Condition of Western Armenians 1800-1070]. Erevan, 1967.

Giuleserian, Papken. Hishatakaran Basmadjian Krikor Patriarki [Memoir of Patriarch Krikor Basmadjian]. Paris, 1908.

----------. Kolot Hovhannes Patriark [Patriarch Hovhannes Kolot]. Vienna, 1904.

Gosoian, Haygag. “Vaspurakani Hay Joghovrdakan Mi Kani Dohmik Arhestneri Masin. [“About a Few Native Crafts of the Armenians of Vaspurakan”] Varag (Teaneck, New Jersey) 58 (July 1967): 24-26.

Hagop Garnetsi. Teghagir Verin Hayots [Topography of Upper Armenia] (Vagharshapat, 1903),

Hagopian, T. Kh. Hayastani Patmakan Ashkharhagrutyun [Historical Geography of Armenia] (Erevan, 1968).

Haykakan Sovetakan Hanragitaran [Soviet-Armenian Encyclopedia]. S. v. “Akn.

Hnaser, G. (pseud. ) “Niuter K[ostandnu] Polsoy Ashkharhabari Patmutean Hamar. [“Materials for the History of the Vernacular of Constantinople. ”] Anahid (Paris) Third Year, nos. 3-4 (Sept. -Dec. 1931): 137-152.

----------. “Hay Vadjarakanner ev Arhestavorner K[ostandnu] Polsoy metj (JZ ev JE Dar). [“Armenian Merchants and Craftsmen in Istanbul (Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. ”] Arev (Cairo), 7 October 1955, p. 3.

Hovhannisian, Ashot. Nalbandiane ev Nra Jamanake [Nalbandian and His Times. ] 2 vols. Erevan, 1955-1956.

----------. Drvagner Hay Azatagrakan Mtki Patmutean [History of the Armenian Liberational Mind. ] 2 vols. Erevan, 1959.

----------. Review of XVII Dari Azatagrakan Sharjumnern Arevmtean Hayastanum, by Hagop Anasian. Patmabanasirakan Handes, 1963 No. 1, pp. 235-248.

---------- and Vasken Hagopian. Hayeren Dseragreri JE Dari Hishatakaranner, (1601-1620)  [Colophons of Seventeenth Century Armenian Manuscripts (1601-1620)] (Erevan, 1974).

Indjidjian, H. Ashkharhagrutiun Tchorits Masants Ashkharhi [Universal Geography]. 5 vols. Venice, 1804-1806.

Iutiudjian, Garabed. “Mankutean Hishatakner. [“Memories of Childhood. ”] Masis (Constantinople), 6 March 1893.

Kalaydjian, Ara. “Tsutsak ev Hishatakaranner G[alust] Giulbenkian Matenadarani Hayeren Antip Grkeru, [“Listing and Colophons of Armenian Unpublished Books in the G[alust] Giulbenkian Library”] Sion (1969, no. 9-10).

Kalemkearian, Krikor. Kensagrutiun Ergu Hay Patriarkneru ev Tasn Episkoposneru [Biography of Two Patriarchs and Ten Bishops]. Vienna, 1915.

Ketchian, Arakel. Akn ev Akntsin, 1020-1915 [Akn and the Akner, 1020-1915]. Bucharest, 1942.

----------, and Barsamian, Mgrditch. Akn ev Akntsik [Akn and the Akners]. Paris, 1952.

Ketchian, Piuzant. Patmutiun S[urb] Prkitch Hivandanotsin Hayots i K[onstandnu] Polis [History of the St. Savior Hospital of the Armenians in Constantinople]. Constantinople, 1887.

Khatchigian, Levon S. JE Dari Hayeren Dseragreri Hishatakaranner, Masn Aratjin (1401-1450) [Colophons of Fifteenth Century Armenian Manuscripts, Part One (1401-1450)] (Erevan, 1955).

Levonian, Karekin. Hayots Parberakan Mamule, 1794-1934 [The Periodicals of the Armenians, 1794-1934) (Erevan, 1934).

Lehatsi, Simeon Tbir. Ughegrutiun [Travelogue] (Vienna, 1936).

M. E. N., ed. “Surb Hagopi Sephakanutean Khndir, [“The Problem of Ownership of the Convent St. James, ”] Sion (1942, no. 3-4).

Malkhasiants, Stepan. Hayeren Batsatrakan Bararan [Armenian Definitional Dictionary], 4 vols. (reprint ed., Beirut, 1955-1956).

Menevishian, Gabriel. Azgabanutiun Zarmin Diuziants [Genealogy of the Noble Diuzian Dynasty]. Vienna, 1890.

Mrmerian, H. G. Hin Orer u ayd Orerun Hay Medzatunnere, 1550-1870 [The Magnates of Old Times, 1550-1870]. Venice, 1901.

----------. Masnakan Patmutiun Hay Medzatunneru (Partial History of Armenian Magnates]. Constantinople, 1910.

----------. Stuerk Hin Demkeru, 1635-1900. [Sketches of Ancient Figures]. Constantinople, 1907.

----------. Turkahoyots Hin Vadjarakanutiunn ev Vadjarakank [The Ancient Commerce of Turkish-Armenians and their Merchants]. Constantinople, 1910.

Nersisian, A. N. Arevmtahayeri Tntesakan u Kaghakakan Vidjake ev Nrants Rusakan Orientatsian l9rd Dari Aratjin Kesin [The Economic and Political Condition of Western Armenians and their Russian Orientation during the First Half of Nineteenth Century]. Erevan, 1962.

Nersisian, M. G. “Hayastani Tntesakan ev Kaghakakan Drutiune (1860-1880)” [“The Economic and Political Condition of Armenia (1860-1880). ”]. Teghekagir Haykakan SSR Gitutiunneri Akatemiayi, 1946, No. 10, pp. 33-59.

New Redhouse Turkish-English Dictionary (1974).

Ormanian, Maghakia. Azgapatum [Armenian History]. 3 vols. Constantinople and Jerusalem, 1913-1927.

Palakashian, H. G. Teghagrutiun K. Polsoy ev Iur Shrtjakayits [Topography of Constantinople and Its Environs] (Constantinople, 1887).

Pamboukdjian, K. “Harutiun Amira Bezdjiani Gerdastane” [“The Family of Harutiun Amira Bezdjian. ”] Bazmaveb, 1971, nos. 3-4, pp. 303-313.

Papazian, Stepan. Kensagrutiun Harutiun Bezdjian Azgayin Anzugakan Barerari [Biography of Harutiun Bezdjian, the Unique National Benefactor]. Constantinople, 1864.

Papakhanian, Arakel [Leo]. Khotjayakan Kapitale ev Nra Kaghakakan-Hasarakakan Dere Hayeri Metz [Khoja Capitalism and its Political-Social Role Among Armenians]. Erevan, 1934.

Sarukhan, A. Haykakan Khndirn ev Azgayin Sahmanadrutiune Tiurkiayum, 1860-1910 [The Armenian Question and the National Constitution in Turkey, 1860-1910]. Tiflis, 1912.

Safrastian, A. Kh. Turkakan Aghbiurnere Hayastani, Hayeri ev Andrkovkasi Mius Joghovurdneri Masin trans. & ed. [Turkish Sources About Armenia, Armenians and the Other Peoples of Transcaucasia]. 2 vols. Erevan, 1961-1964.

Sebastatsi, Hovhannes. Patmutiun Sebastioy [History of Sebastia]. Edited by B. L. Tchugaszian. Erevan, 1974.

Srvandsdiants, Karekin. Toros Aghbar [Brother Toros], 2 vols. (Constantinople, 1879-1884).

Siruni, Hagop Dj. Polis ev Ir Dere [Constantinople and Its Role]. 2 vols. Beirut, 1965-1970.

Stepanian, Karnig. Urvagidz Arevmtahay Tatroni Patmutean [A Sketch of the History of Western Armenian Theater]. 2 vols. Erevan, 1962-1967.

Tchamtchian, Mikayel. Patmutiun Hayots [History of the Armenian People]. 3 vols. Venice, 1784-1786.

Tchobanian, Arshag. editor’s note in Anahid 3, nos. 3-4 (Paris, 1931): 151-152.

Tchormisian, Levon. Hamapatker Arevmtahayots Mek Daru Patmutean [An Overview of a Century of Western Armenian History]. 4 vols. Beirut, 1972-1975.

Torkomian, Vahram H. “Nahabed Rusinian” Handes Amsoreay 16 (1902): 98-108.

----------. ed. Eremia Tchelepii Keomiurdjian Stampoloy Patmutiun [History of Istanbul by Eremia Celebi Keomiurdjian]. 3 vols. Vienna, 1913-1938.

Ughurlian H. M. Patmutiun Hayots Gaghtakanutean ev Shinutean Ekeghetsvoy i Livornoy Kaghaki [History of the Armenian Settlement in the City of Livorn and of the Construction of their Church] (Vienna, 1891).

Varantian, Mikayel. Haykakan Sharjman Nakhapatmutiun [Introductory History of the Armenian Movement]. 2 vols. Geneva, 1912-1914.

Varjabedian, Hagop. Hariurameay Hobelean Verashinutean Patriarkaranist Mayr Ekeghetsvoyn Kumkapui 1828-1928 [Centenary of the Reconstruction of the Patriarchal Cathedral at Kumkapu 1828-1928]. Constantinople, 1928.

----------. Hishatakaran Hariurameay Hobeleani Khashiughi S[urb] Stepannos Ekephetsvoy 1831-1931 [Memoir of the Centenary of St. Stephen’s Church of Khasgiugh (Haskoy) 1831-1931]. Constantinople, 1931.

Zartarian, Vahan G. Hishatakaran [Memoir]. Constantinople, 1910; reprinted, Cairo, 1933-1939.

Zurabian, S. Sh. Hay Tntesagitakan Mtki Zargatsman Urvagdzer [Sketches of the Development of Armenian Economic Thought]. Erevan, 1959.

Sources in Western Languages and Turkish

Adnan-Adivar, Abdulhak. Osmanli Turklerinde Ilim [Science Among the Ottoman Turks]. Istanbul, 1943.

Adontz, Nicolas. Armenia in the Period of Justinian; the Political Conditions Based on the Naxarar System, tr. and rev. Nina G. Garsoïan (Lisbon, 1970).

Akbal, Fazila. “1831 Tarihinde Osmali Imparatorlugunda Idari Taksimat ve Nufus. [“Administrative Division and Census in the Ottoman Empire in 1831”] Belleten 15 (1951): 617-628.

Alboyadjian, Arshag. Les Dadian. Translated by Anna Naguib Boutros-Ghali. Cairo, 1965.

Arpee, Leon. The Armenian Awakening; A History of the Armenian Church, 1820-1860. Chicago, 1909.

Artinian, Vartan. “A Study of the Historical Development of the Armenian Constitutional System in the Ottoman Empire, 1839-1863. Ph. D. dissertation. Brandeis University, 1969.

Berkes, Niyazi. 100 Soruda Türkiye Iktisat Tarihi [Economic History of Turkey in 100 Questions]. Istanbul, 1969.

Blaisdell, Donald C. European Financial Control in the Ottoman Empire. New York, 1929.

Boré, Eugène. Almanach de l'Empire Ottoman (Constantinople, 1849).

Boue, Ami. La Turquie d Europe. 4 vols. Paris, 1840.

Cagatay, N. “Osmanli Imperatorlugunda Reayadan Alinan Vergi ve Resimler. [“In the Ottoman Empire Taxes and Tolls Collected from Taxpayers. ”] Ankara Universitesi Dil ve Tarih-Cografya Fakultesi Dergisi 5 (1947): 483-511.

Cevdet, Ahmet. Tarih-i Cevdet [Cevdet’s History]. 12 vols. 1871-1880.

Clark, Edward C. “The Ottoman Industrial Revolution. International Journal of Middle East Studies 5 no. 1 (January 1974): 65-76.

Cole, G. D. H. Studies in Class Structure (London, 1955).

Cook, M. A., ed. Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East from the Rise of Islam to the Present Day. London, 1970.

Dadian, Mekhitar B. “La Société Arménienne Contemporaine; les Arméniens de l’Empire Ottoman. Revue des Deux Mondes 69 (1867, 15 Juin): 903-928.

Davison, Roderic H. Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856-1876. Princeton, N. J., 1963.

Du Velay, A. Essai sur l’histoire financière de la Turquie. Paris, 1903.

Dulaurier, E. “La Société Arménienne Contemporaine. Revue des Deux-Mondes (15 Avril 1854).

Dwight, H. G. O. Christianity in Turkey. London, 1854.

Eldem, Vedat. Osmanli Imperatorlugunun Iktisadi Sartlari Hakkinda bir Tetkik. Istanbul, 1970.

Encyclopedia of Islam, new ed. S. v. “Dar al-Darb, by H. Inalcik.

----------. S. v. “Celebi, by W. Barthold and B. Spuler.

----------. S. v. “Hadjdj, by A. J. Wensinck.

Engelhardt, E. La Turquie et le Tanzimat. 2 vols. Paris, 1882-84.

Ergin, Osman. Türkiye Maarif Tarihi [History of Education in Turkey]. 5 vols. Istanbul, 1939-1943.

Etmekjian, James. The French influence on the Western Armenian Renaissance, 1843-1915. New York, 1964.

Farley, James L. The Resources of Turkey. London, 1862.

----------. Modern Turkey. London, 1872.

Franco, M. Essai sur l’Histoire des Israelites de l'Empire Ottoman depuis les Origines Jusqu’à nos Jours. Paris, 1897.

Galante, Abraham. Histoire des Juifs d’Istanbul. Istanbul, 1941-42.

Galanus, Clemens. Conciliationis Ecclesiae Armenae cum Romana. 3 vols. Rome, 1658-1661.

Genc, Mehmet. “Osmanli Maliyesinde Malikane Sistemi, [“The Malikane System in the Ottoman Finances, ”] in Türkiye Iktisat Tarihi Semineri [Seminar on the Economic History of Turkey]. Edited by Osman Okyar. Ankara, 1975.

Giz, Adnan. “Ilk Sinai Tesislerimiz. [“Our First Industrial Enterprises. ”] Istanbul Sanayi Odasi Dergisi 2 no. 23 (January 1968): 25-26.

Goodwin, Godfrey. A History of Ottoman Architecture. Baltimore, 1971.

Hamlin, Cyrus. My Life and Times. Boston, 1893.

----------. Among the Turks. New York, 1878.

Heyd, Uriel. “The Jewish Communities of Istanbul in the Seventeenth Century. Oriens 6 (1953): 299-314.

Hidden, Alexander W. The Ottoman Dynasty (New York, 1912).

Inalcik, Halil. The Ottoman Empire. Translated by Norman Itzkowitz and Colin Imber. London, 1973.

Inan, Afet. Aperçu Général sur l'histoire économique de l’Empire turc-ottoman. Istanbul, 1941.

Indjikian, A. G. Burzhuaziia Osmanskoe Imperi [The Bourgeosie of the Ottoman Empire]. Erevan, 1977.

Islam Ansiklopedisi. S. v. “Egin, by Besim Darkot.

----------. S. v. “Hace, by Fuad Köprülü.

----------. S. v. “Hoca, by W. Ivanow.

Issawi, Charles. The Economic History of the Middle East, 1800-1914. Chicago, 1966.

Istanbul Ansiklopedisi. S. v. “K. A. Balyan, by K. Pamukciyam.

Itzkowitz, Norman and Mote, Max. Mubadele: An Ottoman-Russian Exchange of Ambassadors (Chicago, 1970).

Jennings, Ronald C. “Loans and Credit in Early Seventeenth Century Ottoman Judicial Records. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 16 (1973): 168-215.

Joubert A. et Mornand R. Tableau Historique; Politique et Pittoresque de la Turquie et de la Russie (Paris, 1867).

Karal, Enver Ziya. Osmanli Imparaterlugunda Ilk Nüfus Sayimi [The First Census in the Ottoman Empire]. Ankara, 1943.

Karamursai, Ziya. Osmanli Devletinin Kurulusundan On Dokuzuncu Asrin Yarisina Kadar Mali Tarihe Bir Bakis [A Look at the Economic History of the Ottoman Empire from its Establishment to the Middle of the Nineteenth Century]. Istanbul, 1936.

----------. Osmanli Mali Tarihi Hakkinda Tetkikier [Investigations into Ottoman Economic History]. Ankara, 1940.

Kömürcüyan, Eremya Celebi. Istanbul Tarihi; XVII Asirda Istanbul [History of Istanbul; Istanbul in the Seventeenth Century]. Translated by Hrand D. Andreasyan. (Istanbul, 1953).

Lane-Poole, Stanley. Preface to The People of Turkey, by John Elijah, Blunt, 2 vols. (London, 1878).

Lawrence, Stone. “Prosopography, Daedalus 100 no. 1 (Winter 1971): 46-79.

Lewis, Bernard. The Emergence of Modern Turkey. London, 1961.

MacFarlane, Charles. Turkey and Its Destiny. 2 vols. London, 1850.

----------. Constantinople in 1828. London, 1829.

Macler, Frederic. Autour de l'Arménie. Paris, 1917.

Mayer, Kurt B. Class and Society (Garden City, N. Y., 1955).

Mislin, Mgr. Les Saints Lieux (Paris, 1851).

Morawitz, Charles. Les Finances de Turquie. Paris, 1902.

Mordtmann, Andreas David. Stambul und das moderne Turkentnum: politische, sociale und biographische Bilder, von einem Osmanen. 2 vols. Leipzig, 1877-1878.

Okyar, Osman, ed. Türkiye Iktisat Tarihi Semineri [Seminar on the Economic History of Turkey]. Ankara, 1975.

Ölcer, Cüneyt. Sultan Abdülmecid Devri Osmanli Madeni Paralari [Ottoman Coinage during the Reign of Sultan Abdulmecid]. Istanbul, 1978.

Ormanian, Malachia. The Church of Armenia. London, 1912.

Osgur, Oslem. 100 Soruda Türkiye’de Kapitalizmin Gelismesi [The Developent of Capitalism in Turkey in One Hundred Questions]. Istanbul, 1972.

Pakalin, Mehmet Zeki. Osmanli Tarih Deyimleri ve Terimleri Sözlügü [Dictionary of Ottoman Historic Sayings and Terms]. 3 vols. Istanbul, 1971.

Pin, Emile. Les Classes sociales. (Paris, 1962).

Refik, Ahmed. Onuncu Asr-i Hicride Istanbul Hayati [Life in Istanbul in the Tenth Century Higri]. Istanbul, 1333.

Reychman, Jan, and Zajaczkowski, Ananiasz. Handbook of Ottoman Turkish Diplomatics. The Hague, 1968.

Reumani, A. Essai historique et téchnique sur la dette publique ottomane. Paris, 1927.

Saint Martin, Antoine Jean. Mémoire sur l'Armenie, 2 vols. (Paris, 1819).

Sanjian, Avedis. The Armenian Communities in Syria under Ottoman Domination. Cambridge, Mass., 1964.

Sarc, Omer Celal. “Tanzimat ve Sanayimiz, [“The Tanzimat and Our Industry, ”] Tanzimat. Istanbul, 1941. Translatiorn in The Economic History of the Middle East, 1800-1914, pp. 48-59. Edited by Charles Issawi. Chicago, 1966.

Senior, N. W. Journal Kept in Turkey and Greece in the Autumn of 1857 and the Beginning of 1858. London, 1859.

Shaw, Stanford. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. 2 vols. Cambridge, Mass., 1976.

Shrikian, Gorun. “Armenians under the Ottoman Empire and the American Mission’s Influence on their Intellectual and Social Renaissance. Ph. D. dissertation, Concordia Seminary in Exile, 1977.

Slade, Adolphus. Records of Travels in Turkey, Greece, Etc. in the Years 1829, 1830 and 1831. Philadelphia, 1833; reprint, London, 1854.

Stern, Fritz. Gold and Iron; Bismarck, Bleichroder, and the Building of the German Empire. New York, 1977.

Türk Ansiklopedisi. S. v. “Hace.

----------. S. v. “Kemaliye.

Ubicini, M. A. Lettres on Turkey. Translated by Lady Easthope. London, 1856.

Ubicini, Abdolonyme, and Pavet de Courteille, A. J. Etat présent de l’Empire ottoman. Paris, 1876.

Urquhart, David. Turkey and its Resources. London, 1833.

Uzunçarşili, Ismail Hakki. Osmanli Devletinin Saray Teskilâti [The Palace Organization of the Ottoman State]. Ankara, 1945.

Vimercati, Cesar. Constantinople et l’Egypte. Paris, 1854.

Walsh, R. A Residence at Constantinople. 2 vols. London, 1836.

White, Charles. Three Years in Constantinople. 3 vols. London, 1845.

Zallony, Marc-Philippe. Essai sur les Fanariottes. Marseille, 1824.